Poverty Impacts Mental Health
Three of TrueNorth’s main service areas are Housing and Homeless Prevention, Food Insecurity; and Heat and Energy Assistance. People struggling with any, or all of these issues, are also at elevated mental health risks.
Last month was Mental Health Awareness Month. Continue reading to learn more about the mental health risks associated with homelessness, hunger and utility insecurity and what TrueNorth does to help alleviate them.
Mental Health Effects of Homelessness
The Center for Disease Control (CDC) lists several health risks associated with homelessness. Those impacting mental health include:
- An increased risk for respiratory infections like TB and COVID-19 for those staying in homeless shelters, which lead to stress and exhaustion.
- Increased risk for mental illnesses, such as anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to higher rates of stress, uncertainty and threats to safety while experiencing homelessness.
- Worsening health outcomes, such as severe illness or death, due to barriers to health care, mental health care and other social services.
Sometimes it’s hard to know if the horse is leading the cart or the cart is leading the horse. As stated by Homeless Hub, “people with poor mental health are more susceptible to the three main factors that can lead to homelessness: poverty, disaffiliation, and personal vulnerability.” It begs the question; are people homeless due, at least in part, to their declined mental health, or vise-versa?
Most experts agree; homelessness amplifies poor mental health. The stress of experiencing homelessness often exacerbates previous mental illness and increases anxiety, fear, depression, sleeplessness and substance use. Homeless Hub also reports people who have experienced homelessness at some point in their lives are two to three times more likely to report their mental health as being poor.
Impact of Homelessness on Children
EBSCO is a leading provider of research databases, e-journal, book collection development and acquisition management and a major provider of library technology, e-books and clinical decision solutions. In an online report on the causes and effects of homelessness, they state, “Homelessness has definite psychological effects, ranging from the detrimental effects of disrupted sleep to the deep psychological trauma inflicted by chronic stress, instability, and exposure to violence.”
This report also points out several troubling negative impacts on youth; “Homeless preschoolers are more prone to developmental delays in language, motor skills, and social skills. Children who experience chronic stress due to poverty or homelessness have poorer concentration and memory, affecting their ability to learn.”
Additionally, they display more aggression and shyness, have sleep problems, lower self-esteem and experience more disruptions to their education. Homeless children are also twice as likely to experience hunger, which as we previously discussed, has serious negative effects on children’s physical, emotional and cognitive development.
Mental Health Effects of Hunger
According to Feeding America, hunger can cause many mental health problems including depression, anxiety and even posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The USDA says there’s a strong connection between hunger and chronic diseases like high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes. Poor physical health almost always equals poor mental health.
The National Library of Medicine published a report entitled Food Insecurity and Psychological Distress; a Review of Recent Literature. In it, referencing many different sources, they call out several compelling facts. They identified a significant and positive link between food insecurity and depression, anxiety and stress. In one poll from Gallup, results demonstrated a dose-response relationship between food insecurity and poorer mental health. This is a relationship describing how the magnitude of a biological effect (response) changes as the amount or intensity of a stimulus (dose or exposure) increases. As levels of food insecurity worsened (i.e., mild to moderate to severe) so did reported mental health status.
Impact of Hunger on Children
When school age children do not have access to enough nutritious food, they find it harder to concentrate at school. 50% of them will need to repeat a grade at some time during their education. A healthy diet is essential for brain development as well as emotional and mental health.
The Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, reports child hunger is a predictor of serious mental health issues. These include depression and suicidal thoughts during late adolescence and young adulthood. It is hypothesized child hunger may be related to depression later in life as a result of nutritional deprivation.
In Hunger: Its Impact on Children’s Health and Mental Health, the American Academy of Pediatrics states the following; “Compared with pre-school age children with no hunger, severe hunger was associated with higher rates of homelessness (75% vs 48%), more traumatic life events (8.5 vs 6), low birth weight (23% vs 6%), and higher levels of chronic illness and internalizing behavior problems.”
For both preschoolers and school-aged children, severe child hunger was associated with higher levels of internalizing behavior problems. After controlling for housing status, mother’s distress and stressful life events, severe child hunger was also associated with higher reported anxiety/depression among school-aged children. Mothers with school-aged children who face severe hunger are also 56.2% more likely to have PTSD and 53.1% more likely to have severe depression. The inability to feed your loved ones can have traumatic effects on a person’s mental health.
Mental Health Effects of Energy Insecurity
In a recent report from Psychiatrist.com we learn about the growing public health concerns of Energy Insecurity. Over 40% of Americans reported at least one form of energy insecurity in 2024. The report states those unable to afford adequate heating, cooling or electricity have twice the risks of poor mental health.
A comprehensive new analysis published in JAMA Network Open in late October of 2025 shows energy insecurity is not just an economic issue. It is a mental health issue as well. Their findings stated; “In this cross-sectional study of 187 million US adults, individuals experiencing at least 1 form of energy insecurity in the past year had significantly higher odds of reporting symptoms of depression and anxiety compared with individuals without energy insecurity.”
The study referenced data from nearly 1.14 million responses collected from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey. Collected between December 2022 and September 2024, 22% admitted they were unable to pay a full energy bill. 22% also kept their homes at unsafe temperatures as means to save money.
Additionally, as people struggle to keep the lights and heat on, they often forgo other expenses like medical care, including mental health treatment. Over a third (34%) cut back on food, medicine or other necessities to cover energy costs.
Energy-insecure adults lived with 2.29 times greater odds of anxiety and 2.31 times greater odds of depression. Even after accounting for related hardships (such as food insecurity and housing instability), energy insecurity remained a reliable indicator of poor mental health.
Impact of Energy Insecurity on Children
Families experiencing food insecurity also often experience energy insecurity. Known as Dual Food and Energy Hardships, it creates undo mental stress on children, causing a number of adverse mental health issues.
According to a report published by the National Library of Medicine, approximately 10% of households reported dual food and energy hardship. Children experiencing dual food and energy hardship had three times greater odds of withdrawn/depressed behaviors. They also showed four times greater odds of rule breaking behavior.
Energy insecurity severely impacts children’s mental health, causing higher rates of anxiety, depression and chronic stress. It manifests through fear of utility shut-offs, chronic discomfort from extreme temperatures, and, in many cases, associated food insecurity, leading to behavioral problems and emotional distress.
What TrueNorth Does to Alleviate Homelessness
TrueNorth’s Housing Resource Center strives to keep families and individuals in safe and affordable housing, while working towards the goal of self-sufficiency.
TrueNorth helps families from low-income households remain in their current housing or to acquire safer, more affordable housing by providing housing assistance with rent payments to prevent homelessness, or secure housing for those in crisis.
TrueNorth is also a designated Housing Assessment & Resource Agency (HARA) for Lake, Mason, Muskegon, Newaygo and Oceana counties and a partner of the West Michigan Housing Network.
What TrueNorth Does to Alleviate Hunger
Hunger Prevention Programs decrease poverty and promote prosperity by working to ensure that all people in our community have consistent, dependable access to enough food for active, healthy living. TrueNorth offers a self-select Food Center for area residents. Food Center members have access to services such as cooking classes, nutrition consultations, food preservation resources and referrals.
TrueNorth also hosts Feeding America West Michigan Mobile Food Pantry distribution at our service center twice a month.
What TrueNorth Does to Energy Insecurity
The stress of food insecurity is often compounded by the looming threat of a utility shut-off, creating a cycle of anxiety that can severely impact mental health. To support those facing these challenges, the emPower heat and energy assistance program offers a vital safety net for qualified families across all 83 Michigan counties. By providing financial aid for heat-related utility bills, deliverable fuels and energy conservation initiatives, emPower helps ensure families can maintain a safe, well-lit, home kept at a healthy temperature alleviating one of the most significant burdens of poverty.
Beyond immediate financial relief, the program provides Self-Sufficiency Services. These services are designed to address the root causes of energy instability by helping participants develop long-term stability. This includes personalized assistance with budgeting, enrolling in affordable payment plans and optimizing energy efficiency within the home. By fostering self-sufficiency, emPower aims to break the cycle of “crisis-to-crisis” living and provide families with the mental peace of mind that comes from predictable, manageable household expenses.















